Machine for preparation of printer&#39;s copy



c. A QELASH 1,907,234

MACHINE FOR PREPARATION PRINTERS COPY May 2, 1933.

Filed Oct. 26, 1951 4 Sheets-Sheet l INVEN'T'EIR 7 MM QM,+

4 Sheets-Sheet 2 C. A. BELASH Filed 001;. 26. I93].

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are costly because they are made by big paid labor and they cause delayand in some Patented May 2, 1933 UNITED STATES CONSTANTINE A. BELASH, 0FBOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS MACHINE FOR PREPARATION OF PRINTERS COPYApplication filed October 26, 1931. 1 Serial No. 571,151.

This invention relates to type setting and more particularly to certainprovisions for facilitating setting up type.

Type is usually set up from manuscript by highly paid compositionmachine operators. If a composition machine operator is given a printedbook to re-set his efliciency is a maximum because he is able to set itup line for line. However, if he is to set up type from a typewrittenmanuscript he must spend considerable time estimating the enact amountof type which will .fit properly into each line and allow for properjustification and considering many other details. in a typewrittenmanuscript every character is of exactly the same width and eachoccupies the same amount of space in a typewritten line. However, thewidth of the characters in a printed line vary and each has its ownwidth value. For instance, in a printed line a letter W may occupy twiceas much space as that occupied by a letter a and more than three timesas much space as that occupied by a letter Z. Consequently, if atypewritten page is prepared in which the lines have perfect alinementat left and right and this is set up in printing type, line for line,the result will be anything but a justified page. When type has been setup a proof is made and submitted to the author, usually in galley form,on which the author marks corrections. These corrections are made intype and the type matter is made up into pages. Another proof is thenmade and submitted to the author for further corrections. AL mostinevitably some pages do not break up as wanted. They either lack a fewlines or are too'long and the author must adjust the matter to fit thepage by cutting out or adding the right amount of lines to come withinthe allotted limits. These corrections in ty h cases necessitate asacrifice of correct typographical or literal style. Often, theycomprise as much as fifty percent or more of the total composition cost.They also greatly lessen the eficiency of the composing machine operatoras will be readily apparent by noting that the average monotype operatorsets type approximately at the rate of thirty words a minute. Thesedifliculties are en countered in setting up straight matter withoutillustrations but are multiplied greatly when the composition requires anumber of illustrations, especially so-called buried cuts (that is,illustrations which do not extend the full width of the page and havetype matter running on one or both sides of the illustrations).

It is an object. of the present invention to overcome these diflicultiesand to provide certain expedients for increasing the efliciency ofoperators of machines for setting up type.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method ofmaking and a machine upon which may be made a typewritten manuscripteach page of which corresponds line for line with each page of a desiredprinted copy having a desired page 7 size and a desired set of t e.

In the practice of the invention the number of lines and the width ofthe lines in set ems on each page of predetermined size which it isdesired to print with the desired 7 kind of type is determined byreference to a special table. A typewritten copy of each page is thenproduced which corresponds line for line withleach page to be printed.For this purpose, an auxiliary mechanism is provided for an ordinarytypewriter and includes an indicator having an indicating pointer whichis movable, each time the typewriter is actuated to type a character, anamount representative of the width of the corresponding character to beprinted. The pointer also is movable an amount correspondin to a spacebetween the words to-be printe each time the space bar is actuated. Inpreparing a typewritten copy of a page which is to have 'anillustrationthe number of lines to be 00- cupied by the illustration is determinedby reference to the above mentioned table. If the illustration is aburied cut the same procedure is followed and in addition the width ofthe cut is determined in terms of set ems and this is deducted from thewidth in set ems of the full lines to give the width of the short linesopposite the cut in terms of set ems. The term set emv is used herein todenote the actual width of the widest letter in a monotype machinecomposition.

The invention will be more clearly understood from the followingdescription in conjunction with the accompanying drawings; in which,

Fig. 1 is a vertical longitudinal section of a machine embodying theinvention with some of the parts omitted.

Fig. 2 is a vertical section taken upon the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; v

Fig. 3 is an enlarged vertical section of a portion of the mechanismshown in Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken upon the line 44 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is an end elevational view of the portion of the machine shown inFig. 3;

Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken upon the line 66 of Fig. 3;

Figs. 7 and 8 are enlarged sectional views taken upon the lines 7 7 and88 respectively of Fig. 2;

Figs. 9 and 10 are front and rear views of a table used in conjunctionwith the machine of this invention; and i Fig. 11 is a section taken online 1111 of Fig. 9.

Before explaining in detail the present invention, it is to beunderstood that the invention is not limited in its application to thedetails of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in theaccompanying drawings, since the invention is capable of otherembodiments and of being practised or carried out in various ways. Alsoit is to be understood that the phraseology or terminologyemployed'h'erein is for the purpose of description and not oflimitation, and it is not intended to limit the invention beyond theterms of the several claims hereto appended as considered in view of theprior art and the requirements thereof.

One embodiment of a machine employed in the practice of the invention isillustrated in the accompanying drawings and comprises a typewriter ofcommon construction having a frame 10 and in which is embodied anauxiliary mechanism which renders the typewriter suitable for use in thepractice of the invention. A plurality of character key bars 11 arepivotally mounted at one end upon a rod 12 mounted in the frame 10. Theother ends of the key bars 11 are provided with characterkeys 13. Oneend of each of a pair of shift bars 14 is carried upon the rod 12 in theusual manner adjacent the opposite ends thereof. i

The other end of each shift key bar is provided with a shift key 15.Each of the shift key bars 14 is provided with a pin 16 adapted to beengaged by the hook-shaped end of an arm 17 the other end of each ofwhich is pivotally mounted upon one end 0 an arm 18 fixed upon a shaft19 suitably mounted for rotation in abracket 20 mounted carrying arms 24are pivotally mounted upon the support 23. Each of the arms 24 isoperatively connected to one of the character key bars 11 by a suitablemechanism comprising a link 25 pivoted at one end to the arms 24 andhaving its other end pivotally connected to one end of a lever 26 whichis pivotally mounted at an intermediate point upon the bracket 20. Theother end of the lever 26 is pivotally connected to one end of a link 27the other end of which is pivotally connected to one of the characterkey bars 11. The usual space key bars 30 are carried in the usual mannerupon the rod 12 and are connected at their free ends by a space key 31.The usual platen or roll 32 is mounted for rotation in the usual mannerin the frame 10 and may be actuated by the usual escapement mechanism(not shown) which is operatively connected with the space bars by rods34.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention a shaft 35 extendingtransversely of the machine is mounted for rotation and axial movementin suitable bearings carried by brackets 36 and 37. A spring 38surrounds the shaf t 35 with one end engaging the bracket 37 and itsother end engaging a collar 39 on the shaft 35. The spring 38 is adaptedto force the shaft 35 axially toward the left as viewed in Figs. 2 and 3to maintain a shoulder 40 upon the shaft 35 in engagement with the innerface of the bracket 36. An arm 41 is suitably fixed upon the shaft 35 asby a key 42 and a set screw 44. A stop 45 carried by the arm 41 isnormally maintained'in engagement with a stop 46 upon the bracket 37 bya spring 47 one end of which is secured to the free end of the arm 41and the other end of which is secured to a screw 48 adjustably mountedin the bracket 37.

A pair of spaced arms 50 are suitably fixed upon the shaft 35 as by akey 51 and a set screw 52. An actuator bar 53 having spaced dependingarms 54 is suitably secured to the free ends of the arms 50 as by bolts55. A series of screw members 56 and 57 are adjustably mounted in theactuator bar 53. The members 56 represent the'small characters and arenormally positioned in the path of movement of the character key bars11. The members 57 represent the large characters and are mountedadjacent the members 56 corresponding to the same characters. The screws56 and 57 may be adjusted upon'the actuator bar 53 so that the screwsare moved f by the character key bars 11 amounts representative of thewidth of a corresponding large or small printed characters. The screws56 and 57 may be locked in their adjusted positions by any suitablemeans. For this purpose, as illustrated, the lower portion of theactuator bar 53 is split to provide outer and intermediate clampingportions 58 and 59 respectively (see Fig. 4) which are clamped togetheras by screws 60. Each of the portions 54 depending from the actuator bar53 is provided with a split clamp 61 in which a screw 62 is adjustablymounted in the path of movement of the space key bars 30. A cam 65 iscarried by each of the shift key bars 14 and each is adapted to be movedinto engagement with a pin 66 carried by the shaft 35.

While the screw members 57 have been referred to as representing largeor capital characters, it will be understood that they may representother characters which can not be typed on the usual typewriter unlessthe shift key is actuated. Therefore, the term large character as usedthroughout this specification and the claims appended is intended toinclude any character which is typed on the usual typewriter whiletheshift key bar is depresse A bevel gear 68 is secured \upon the shaft35 as by a key 69 which causes the gear to rotate with the shaft, whilepermitting the shaft to be moved axially relative to the gear.

The. bevel gear 68 is adapted to engage a bevel gear 70 freely rotatableupon a vertically extendin shaft 71 mounted for rotation in suitab ebearings in a bracket 72. The gear 70 rests upon a head 73 formed uponthe lower end of the shaft 71. A clutch element 74 is suitably securedupon the shaft 71, as by a set screw 75, and is provided with a portion76 surrounding the hub of the bevel gear 70 and having an annular groove77. A lurality of paw s 78 are pivotally mounted upon the upper face ofthe gear 70 and each of their free-ends is pressed into the grove 77 bya spring 79 suitably secured upon the upper face of the gear 70 as byscrews 80. A bevel gear 81 is suitably secured upon the upper end of theshaft 71 and rests upon a thrust bearing 82 carried by the bracket 72.The bevel gear 81 is adapted to engage a bev'el gear 83 suitably fixedupon a shaft 84 mounted for rotation in suitable bearings in a bracket85. The shaft 84 is provided with an enlarged threaded portion 86adapted to receive a nut 87. A sprocket wheel 89 is freely mounted forrotation upon the shaft 84 between the enlarged portion 86 and a capscrew 90 engaging the end of. the shaft 84. An annular disk 91 surroundsthe hub of the sprocket wheel 89 and is provided with spaced radiallyextending spring arms 92 extending between the nut 87 and an annulardisk 93 engaging the face of the sprocket wheel 89, thereby providing africtional driving connection between the shaft 84 and the s rocketwheel 89.

The sproc et wheel 89 is connected by a chain 95 with a sprocket wheel96 mounted upon a shaft 97 rotatably'carried in suitable hearings in ablock 98 adjustably mounted in a bracket 99 secured to the frame 10. Apin 88 is secured to one of the links of the chain 95, preferably,adjacent the indicator scale 103 so that'the chain may be moved manuallyto position the indicator pointer 100 opposite the zero point on thescale. An indicating pointer 100 is suitably secured upon one of thelinks of the chain 95 and is provided at its lower end with a rearwardlyextending portion 101 providing cam sur-- faces 2 and 3 for actuatingthe striker arm of a bell to be described hereinafter. A scale 103 issuitably mounted upon the frame 10" adjacent the path of movement of theindicating pointer 100,'as by screws 104. The scale 103 is graduated interms of set ems and units. A bracket 5 is suitably secured upon theframe 10 above the scale 103 and is provided with a longitudinallyextending slot 106. A plurality of adjustable stops or indicators 107,10711 and 1076 are adjustably mounted upon the bracket 5 and each issecured in adjusted position thereon by a thumb screw 8 engaging theindicator and passing through the slot .106. A bell 110 is mounted upona bracket 111 having a tongue 4 entering a T-shaped slot 6 in a bracket116 suitably secured upon the frame. A T-shape'dhead 7 in the slot 6 issecured to the tongue 4 by a thumb screw 115. The

bracket 111 is provided with a stud 117 upon which one end of a bellstriker arm 118 is pivotally mounted. A spring 9 surrounds the stud 117.and has one end connected to the striker arm 118 and its other endcon-' nected to the bracket 111. A stop 120 carried by the chain 95 isadapted to engage stops 121 and 122 on the frame 10 to positionthepointer 100 opposite the zero position of the scale 103 andto'prevent it engaging the sprocket wheel 96.

A special table is provided for facilitating the use of the machine ofthe invention and comprises a blank of specially treatedpaper to stiffenthe same and render it substantially immune to heat and moisture. Thisblank is folded to provide a holder H open at its ends having front andrear covers it and h respectively and an intermediate partition 10.Cards C and D are interposed in the spaces between the partition and thefront cover and the partition and the rear cover respectively. Ifdesired, the front and rear covers may be provided with thumb openings25 and t respectively so that the cards C and D may be gripped to bemanipulated. The front and rear covers it and h are each provided with atransverse slot 8 and s respectively.

The front cover h is provided with a table A and a table B. In the toprow of table A are placed numbers which represent the width in inches ofa cut or illustration. The outer Vertical columns of table A containnumbers representing the set of type. The numbers in the remainingcolumns represent set ems and a number therein below a particular numberin the top row and opposite a particular number in the outer set columnsrepresents the width of a cut in set ems having a width in inchescorresponding to the number referred to in the top row and where a setof type is used on the page corresponding to the number referred to inthe set columns. The top row of table B contains numbers representingthe height of a cut in inches. The outer vertical columns containnumbers representing the height iirpoints of the type to be employed.The numbers in the remaining columns indicate the number of lines in acut of a particular height where a type of a certain point-size is used.The rear cover it contains a column of figures adjacent the slot s whichrepresent the number of points in the type.

The top row of card G contains numbers in terms of picas. The remainingcolumns of this card contain numbers in terms of set ems. The top row onthe card D contains numbers in terms of picas while the remaining rowscontain numbers in terms of lines.

Suppose that it is desired to produce a typewritten page which is a linefor line copy of a page to be printed having a width pt 22 picas and aheight of 39 picas and contam ng a cut 1 inches wide and 1% inches highand that this page is to be printed with a 10 point and 9% set typeleaded with 1 point (that is the space between lines) It is firstnecessary to determine the number of set ems of a 9% set type in aprinted page 22 picas in width. To determine this, the card C is moveduntil the number 22 n the top row of table A appears in the upper end ofthe slot 8 in the front cover h. The number under the 22 in the slot 8opposite the 9% in the set column of table A is the number of set ems inthe width of the page to be printed. This number is shown at a andindicates that the width of the cut is 27 set ems and 14 units (each setem containing 18 units).

It is now necessary to determine the number of lines which will fit intothe page to be printed. We now turn the holder H over so as to view therear cover h and since the page to be printed is 39 picas high, we movethe card D until the number 39 in the top row thereon appears at the topof the slot 8. Since the page is to be printed with a 10 point typeleaded with one point, the total height of each line including the spacebetween lines is 11 points. The number under the 39 in the slot 8 andopposite the 11 in the point column on the back cover it indicates thenumber of lines which will fit into the page to be printed. This numberis shown at b and indicates that there will be 42 lines of type with 6points of extra blank space. The 6 extra points of blank space may betaken care of by allowing extra space between the heading and the mainbody of the printed page or in any other Way as seems best to theprinter.

It is now necessary to determinethe number of set ems in the width ofthe cut and to determine this table A on the front cover h is used.Since the page is to be printed with a 9 set type and the cut is to be 1inches wide we look in the column under 1 in the top row of table A andopposite the 9 in the set column and find that the cut is 8 set ems and9 units wide. To determine the height of the cut in terms of the numberof lines table B is used. Since the total height of the line is 11points (allowing 1 point for leading between lines) and since the cut is1 inches high, we look under 1% in the top row of table B opposite the11 in the point column and find that the height of the cut is equivalentto 11 lines and 5 extra points.

A blank space is left upon the typewritten page corresponding to thewidth of the cut in set ems and its height in terms of printed lines.The length of the lines opposite the cut is determined by subtractingthe number of set ems in the width of the cut and the number of set emsin the total length of a full line.

In making a typewritten page which corresponds line for line with a pageto be printed the number of lines in the printed page and the length ofthe lines in terms of set ems is determined by the use of the tablepreviously described. One of the adjustable indicators or stops 107 isthen set opposite the number upon the scale 103 which corresponds to thenumber of set ems in each line to be printed. If the page is to have acut extending from the left side of the page to an intermediate point,the indicator 107a is set opposite the scale 103 and spaced from theindicator 107 an amount equal to the number of set ems in the shortlines. If the cut is to be positioned intermediate the sides of the pageso that short lines are on both sides of the cut, the indicators 107aand .1076 are set at distances from the indicator 107 and the zero pointon the scale 103 amounts equal to the length in set ems of the shortlines on the left and right of the cut respectively. The indicator 100is then placed opposite the zero mark on the scale 103 and the machineis ready to produce the typewritten page.

The characters are formed upon the page to be typewritten by operatingthe typewriter in the usual manner. As each character key of thetypewriter is depressed it engages a corresponding screw 56 carried bythe actuator bar 53 to cause the latter to move an amount representativeof the width of the corresponding character to be printed. The -movementof the actuator bar 53 moves the shaft 35 which motion is transmitted tothe chain 95 through the shaft 71 and sprocket wheel 89 to move thepointer 100 an amount representative of the width of the correspondingcharacter to be printed. When the character key is: released the spring47 forces the actuator bar 53 back to its original po- 0 sition withoutmoving the indicator pointer 100, this being permitted by theoverrunning clutch connecting the shafts 35 and 71. If a large characteris to be typed, one of the shift keys 15 is depressed causing its cam toengage a pin 66 to move the shaft 35 axially an amount 'suflicient tobring the screw 57 into the path of movement of the character key, Thecharacter key is then moved to cause the character key bar to engage thescrew 56 to move the actuator bar 53 an amount representative of thewidth of the corresponding large character to be printed and thismotionis transmitted in the manner previously described to the indicatingpointer 100 to move the latter an amount representative of the width ofthe corresponding large character to be printed. After each word hasbeen typed in a given line, the space key 31 is depressed to cause thespace key bars 30 to engage the screws 62 to cause the actuator bar 53to be moved a predetermined amount representative of a space betweenwords to be printed. This movement is transmitted as previouslydescribed to the indicating pointer 100 to cause the latter to move anamount representative of a space between the words to be printed whichmay be, for example, 6 units. These operations are continued until thepointer 100 has moved opposite the stop 107, representing the end of rthe line, or so close thereto that another word cannot be typed withoutmoving the ointer 100 beyond the stop 107. The brac et 111 is positionedso that the ball striker arm 118 is positioned a short distance to theleft of the setting of the indicator 107 so that the striker arm isengaged by the cam 3 carried by the projection .101 extending from theindicator pointer 100; As the pointer 100 approaches the indicator 107the striker arm 118 is released by the cam 3 and strikes the ball 110togive warning to the operator that the pointer 100 is close to the end ofthe line. The platen 32 is then moved in the usual manner so thatanother line may be typed. The chain is then moved by grippmg the pin 88to bring the pointer back to a position opposite the zero mark on thescale 103, this being permitted by the frictional driving connectionbetween the shaft 84 and the sprocket wheel 89.

This procedure is continued until the pre-. determined number of lineshave been typed on the page. If the printed page is to contain a cut,the number of full lines above the out are typed and short lines aretyped on one or both sides of the space allowed for the cut is indicatedby the remaining indicators 107a or 1076 which have been positionedpreviously in accordance with the computations obtained byusin thespecial tables contained in the holder The number of short linescorresponding to the height of the cut are typed and then the remaimngnumber of full lines are typed to complete the page. In a line in whicha paragraph begins the space key is actuated one or more times to allowfor the space at the left of the first character or, if desired, aspecial bar may be provided which, when actuated, 1

other machine composition or foundry ty Thus, a special table may beprovided or each other machine composition or foundry i type which willgive the set value of the monotype system which corresponds to eachpoint type of each of the other systems. Each value in these specialtables ma 'be determined by setting up a long line 0 each point type ofeach of the other systems and then setting up the same line in monotypeof different set values until the set value is found which comes closestto producing a line of the same width. y

In using the machine of the invention for producing a line for line copyof a page to be printed in any machine composition or foundry type otherthan monotype, the indicators 107, 107a or 1076 are set as thoughmonotype was to be used having a set value corresponding to the point tpe of the machine composition ty e to be used. Any slight variations i'nt e length of the lines set up from such a copy can be compensated forby justification.

I claim:

composition, it is equally applicable to any 1. In a typewriter havingbars adapted to be actuated by the character and shift keys, thecombination therewith of means for producing a typed page corres ondingto a page of predetermined 'size to e' printed with a predetermined typecomprising an indicator of said rod into the path of movement of thecorresponding character bar, and operative connections between said rodand movable pointer for causing the latter to move progressively in onedirection as the former is moved successively by said character bars.

2. In a typewriter having bars adapted to be actuated by the characterand shift keys, the combination therewith of means for producing a typedpage corresponding to a page of predetermined size to be printed with apredetermined type comprising an indicator including a movable pointer,a movable rod extending transversely of said bars, a plurality ofmembers representative of the small and large characters carried by saidrod and adapted to move the same, the members representative of thesmall characters being positioned in the path of movement of thecorresponding character bars and adjacent the corresponding largecharacter representatives, means including a cam carried by the shiftkey for moving a large character representative in the longitudinaldirection of said rod into the path of movement of .the correspondingcharacter bar, means carried by said rod adapted to be engaged by thespace key bar to be moved thereby an amount representative of a spacebetween" the words or groups of characters to be printed, and operativeconnections between said rod and movable pointer for causing the latterto move progressively in one direction as the former is movedsuccessively by said character bars.

In testimony whereof I aifix my signature.

CONSTANTINE A. BELASH.

neozeee

